New Social Movements Essay

To what extent do new social movements represent a challenge to established ways of conducting liberal democratic policies? In order to understand the extent of the challenge posed by new social movements to liberal democratic policy and the ways in which they are conducted one must first understand what these policies entail. These policies or principles are listed by Goodwin as: 1. Supremacy of the people. 2. Consent of the governed as the basis of legitimacy. 3. The rule of law: peaceful methods of conflict resolution. 4. The existence of the common good or public interest, 5. The value of the individual as a rational moral active citizen. 6. Equal rights for all individuals.1 The modern day concept of a liberal democracy is based on the liberalist movement of the philosophers of the eighteenth century. However the advent of past social has resulted in challenges to the ways in which liberal democracy has been and is conducted over the intervening years since that time; the suffrage movement and the American civil rights movement against segregation are two such examples. These movements were successful because those in power allowed them to succeed (admittedly with some reluctance). More recently, that is over the past twenty to thirty years new social movements have grown up. These movements are campaigning on various issues including: * Anti globalisation; the backlash against the increase in power of large corporations and the perceived lack of legislation restricting their actions. * Extremist religious groups. * Environmental change; the movement and groups pushing for greater respect for the planet in a global community. There are also many other groups which have grown up as a result of the mass movement of peoples. These groups campaign for greater minority rights, and more freedom to express cultural heritage. Heywood states additionally that these groups are a result of the post-modernist era: â€Å"If the major political ideologies were in their various ways, products of modernisation [i.e. the labour movement of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries], the transition from a modern to a post modern society cannot but have profound significance for their [the new movements] roles and character [†¦] post modernity [†¦] has both thrown

DBQ Manchester Advice

Know what you need to address in your thesis and in your essay. It will help you to organize better if you can correctly assess the task that you are given. B) The rubric requires an â€Å"explicitly stated thesis that addresses all parts of the question. † The prompt here is: Identify the issues raised by the growth of Manchester and analyze the various reactions to those issues over the course of the 19thCentury. Here is an organization that tracks the prompt and will lead to a solid thesis: Issues Positive Reactions Negative Reactions 1 (massive groom) 6 (disease, bad health, bad morals) 8 (short life span) 3 (better lives) 9 (workshop to world) 10 (conditions improved) 2 (ugly, no beauty) 4 (dangerous discontent) 5 (man is made savage) 7 (is progress worth it? ) 11 (picture of filth) Here are some example theses that follow this group ping:The growth of Manchester led to many issues with varying reactions from different people. Romantics and activists saw very negative eff ects of the mass arbitration, while liberals tended to view the outcomes as overwhelmingly positive. As the growth of Manchester began to reach its peak many issues were brought to the forefront of debate such as health concerns and social conditions. Furthermore, these issues caused various

Frankenstein and his creature are in fact the same person

When considering this question one must first take note of the discrepancy between the literal presentation of the relationship between Frankenstein and his creature, and the figurative presentation of that. Are Shelley's intentions predominantly to bring our attention to the fixed sequence of events – to perceive the story in a literal manner – or to a more implicit message; an analogy of bodily union between the two antagonists? Of course, today, when one utters the name ‘Frankenstein' the first image thought up is that of a detestable, monstrous, green entity with bolts through the neck. This is indeed erroneous when taking Shelley's novel into account, yet it still offers us an allusion to the idea of the double. It has frequently been suggested that the creature assumes the role of a doppelginger – or alter-ego – to Frankenstein. That he is merely an extension, or reflection of his creator (indeed ‘creature' implies ‘creator'). They both assume various synonymous roles throughout the novel; for example, their corresponding isolation, the omission of female influence in their matters, their juxtaposed intentions to take revenge, and of course the simple fact that Victor is presented as a solitary ‘parent' to the creature – the only person with whom the creature has an emotional bond. So, let us first look at this issue of Victor's and the creature's ‘father-son' relationship. Of course, the common interpretation of this matter is that Frankenstein manages to usurp the roles of both God and the female.What is the difference between a figurative and a literal analogy? Indeed, ‘like father like son' has a profound meaning here, and the creature is, in effect Victor's â€Å"own vampire† – his child. The most indicative portrayal of this usurping of the female (the mother) follows immediately after the creature's ‘awakening', with Frankenstein's horrifically symbolic dream of Elizabeth – his potential and prearranged partner – being degraded into the corpse of his dead mother. This does seem to provide an implicit metaphor for sexual depravity – that Victor's exploits lead him to isolate himself from both the world's populace and, in turn, any form of carnal satisfaction. Let us, then, look further into this issue of isolation. The reasons for both Victor's and the creature's solitude differ markedly, but are nevertheless explicably connected. Victor is essentially isolated by his ‘Promethean' strive for knowledge: â€Å"†¦ how dangerous is the acquirement of knowledge, and how much happier that man is who believes his native town to be the world, than he who aspires to become greater than his nature will allow† This – Victor's own claim – provides us with an allusion to a man ‘punching above his weight' (to put it facetiously). As with Prometheus – the Greek Titan – Victor, in the early parts of the novel, contemplates the power of fire (this trek into the unknown – when taking into account Walton's ominous expedition to the Arctic – has also led critics to propose a Frankenstein-Walton double). This knowledge is then utilised by him in the creation of his creature – in parallel with Prometheus, striking discontent with godly authority. As the 1931 film version of Frankenstein adequately made out, â€Å"†¦ Now I know what it's like to be God†. Frankenstein is an introvert – departing the archetypal family life to take up his place at Ingolstadt. He concedes vast quantities of his own life to create life – the monster being his Adam. It is therefore rather ironic that this concession of life is seemingly deemed worthless – and a waste – after Victor abandons his creature. The reason for this abandonment is essentially predicated on the creature's repulsive physical appearance – his ominous manifestations striking fear into his creator. This now brings us onto the creature's reasons for isolation. He is an outcast from the world to the extent that even those he thought to be well-natured and understanding – the De Lacey family – callously repel him. He is excluded from domestic life, albeit involuntarily, i la his creator. Looking at one interpretation, we might view this rebuttal of oddities as an attack by Shelley on societal conditioning (displayed effectively by the young, innocent William's preconceptions of the monster as an â€Å"ogre† and a â€Å"fiend†) and the corrupt narrow-minded outlook of society towards what, on the surface, appears to be evil, but is in fact benevolent (the creature being a ‘noble savage'). The monster's situation arouses a poignant sense of pity in the reader. His solitude – a common theme throughout Gothic literature – forces him into â€Å"malignity† (this word having been repeated frequently throughout the novel by Victor as narrator). The creature is, therefore, not just a reflection of Adam, but also of Satan – an outcast from heaven (of course, the monster's ‘heaven' can possibly be interpreted to be the respect and understanding of man towards him). Furthermore, the creature strikes similarities with John Milton's representation of Satan in Paradise Lost (â€Å"Better to rule in Hell than to serve in Heaven†). The monster's murderous exploits cast an ominous light over him – he is now the villain. What we can see, then, is a complex matrix of doubles – the creature and Adam, the creature and Satan, Frankenstein and God, Frankenstein as the parental dichotomy and, of course, the creature and Frankenstein. Another pointer to there being a bodily union between the two antagonists comes in the form of their intentions – namely, that of revenge. The creature intends to take revenge on his creator and conversely the creator intends to take revenge on his creature. One interpretation is that this is an embodied symbol of one man – Frankenstein (this introvert) – attempting to suppress the ugly, odious side of his nature. One can draw parallels with Robert Louis Stephenson's 1886 novella The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde – the split personality indicating a doppelginger motif holding weight throughout the Gothic genre. The creature's and the creator's intentions, their natures and, of course, their purpose are all intertwined. The monster is Victor's â€Å"own spirit let loose from the grave, and forced to destroy all that was dear to [him]†. Indeed, Frankenstein feels equally culpable for the deaths of William, Justine, Elizabeth and Clerval. Like the monster, Victor: â€Å"†¦ had begun life with benevolent intentions and thirsted for the moment when [he] should put them in practice and make myself useful to my fellow beings† But progressively they both – as an interrelation – decline into being feeble, ‘malignant' characters. These intentions and emotional attachments do continue to intricately link both the creator and his creature (God and Adam, father and son). Other literally presented occurrences in the novel, for example, the arrest of Frankenstein in Ireland for the murder of Henry continue to supply evidence of Shelley's overriding intention. This detainment was no mistake. It was simply a figurative portrayal of Victor's arrest at the expense of his darker side – both he and the creature are equally culpable and both are one and the same. Also, Aya Yatsugi offers the notion of a ‘mirror stage'. Frankenstein and the creature's perception of each other through the window in the Orkneys comparable to a ‘reflection'. This being supplemented by Victor's destruction of the creature's mate and the subsequent murder of Elizabeth by the creature – again, the sequence of events is too intricate and precise for us to rule out the possibility for Shelley's intentions to have been for that of the double (this dichotomous murder of partners also continues to support the omission of the female). To summarise, then, it is of great import that there is nothing to rule out the possibility of Shelley delivering this work as a purposeful analogy; pointing to a bodily union of Frankenstein with his monster. Of course, we must understand that if one is to perceive the novel in this manner it will always be subjective and never constant. Yet, the evidence is there, as a supplement, for those who harbour this view. The creature and creator are spiritually one and the same. Their positions in the narrative and corresponding actions are crucially paralleled. Victor is the creature's father, Victor is the creature's God, Victor is the creature's focus of vengeance, and Victor is the only entity with which (possibly with the exception of the De Laceys) the creature has a poignantly governed relationship. Yet, to say that these two characters are ‘the same person' is possibly stretching this idea to an unaccountable degree. Indeed, they may just be separate characters with strong parallels – Shelley's narrative simply outlining their synonymy and corresponding situations. Maybe Shelley's message is essentially bringing our attention to the fact that these two characters, despite being at each other's throats throughout, still maintain such a powerful understanding and spiritual bond. Nevertheless, this issue will forever be open to argument.

Pest Analysis of Sainsburys in a 3rd World Country

Introduction of the Company : Sainsburys is the third largest chain of super markets in the United Kingdom. It was founded in 1869 and has been growing all over the United Kingdom ever since, and today operates over 1000 super markets and convenience stores and employees over 150,000 employees and captures more than 16% of the market share. It is also listed on the London Stock Exchange and is the constituent of the FTSE 100 index.Sainsburys not only provides products to its customers but also services to some extent. The products and services offered by Sainsburys have a wide range from food and drinks to energy providing, clothing to insurance, appliances to banking facilities. Sainsburys has been a growing entity at a growing rate. Though TESCO has overtaken Sainsburys to become the market leader and has expanded not only in United Kingdom but also outside the United Kingdom such as Europe, Asia and North America.Since TESCO has always been a strong competitor of Sainsburys so Sai nsburys also has this intention to expand outside United Kingdom, too. It is necessary for a firm or company to carry out a PEST analysis either as a new entrant or to exist and survive in the market to keep it’s self updated with the influence of the macro environmental factors. Introduction of PEST Analysis : PEST analysis stands for â€Å"political, economic, social and technological analysis†. PEST Analysis focuses on analysing the macro-environment in which a business or a firm operates.Each of these factors play a vital role in the overall business environment and one should consider these factors and have vital knowledge of them as they can either make you a success story or may end up shutting down the business. Political factors refer to the economic policy given by the government and the government intervention the economy. This includes areas such as tax policy, labour, law, tarrif and trade restrictions. Political stability is also quite important for the e conomic growth. While, governments have great influence on health, education and infrastructure of the nation.Interest rate, economic growth, monetary and fiscal policy, inflation and the exchange rates are the important economic factors. These factors play a vital role in a firm’s business strategy and decision making. Every country has it’s own culture and the nation has a strong impact on their living. The social and cultural influences on business vary from country to country. Social  factors include the cultural aspects and include health consciousness, language, population growth rate, age distribution, career attitudes.Trends in social factors affect the demand for a company's products and how that company operates. For example, the roles of men and women in the society. Furthermore, companies may change various management strategies to adapt to these social trends Technological  factors have vital place in PEST analysis. Some markets are labour intensive an d some are capital intensive. Technological factors determine  barriers to entry, minimum efficient production level and influence  outsourcing  decisions.It is one of the major drivers of globalization and is the base for competitive advantage. Innovation is offered to the customers or consumers through technology for example internet banking, smart phones etc. It also enables the firm to produce a product cheaply and to a better quality in standard. Pakistan is the sixth most populated country in the world with over 180 million people. It is estimated that the 25% of the population belongs to the middle income class. It is also estimated that 55% of the Pakistani population is in the 10-40 years age bracket.The upper middle-income class is estimated at 17 million with relatively high per capita income which favours more consumer spending. The average Pakistani consumer spends 42% of his income on food related products. The upcoming changes in demographic will create opportun ities and challenges for businesses in Pakistan. Pakistan’s food retail sector is unorganised and highly dominated by independent small stores. Over the past few years, some large European food retailers have opened stores in all major Pakistani metropolitan cities like Makro, Metro and Carrefour (Hyper star).Pakistani families are attracted towards these stores due to their strategic location, multiple product range and imported processed food. Studies also show that there has been a significant shift to organized format of shopping from traditional format, in urban areas. This provides a challenging and profitable opportunity to other food retailers to enter the market. Sainsburys provides convenient shopping under one roof, has wide range of products, consumer friendly environment, large storage and discounted prices.These factors give Sainsburys an advantage over other food retailers currently present in Pakistan. If Sainsburys decides to enter in food retail sector then it has to perform a PEST analysis. PEST Analysis of Sainsburys in Pakistan : Political Factors : The political factors revolve around the current government in a country. Currently, in Pakistan, the ruling party is Pakistan People’s Party which was democratically elected in 2008. Though it is backed by western powers but still is considered to be a weak government.The basic questions arise such as how stable is the political or is there any government intervention in the economic policy making or laws and legislation protecting the businesses. Unfortunately, due to weak governments in the past, the security and corruption has been the key issues Pakistan has been facing over the the last decade. Which certainly is not a good sign for any foreign investors. However, giants in food-retail sectors like Metro and Carrefour ( hyper star) have set an example with an increasing growth in profit and expansion even in such circumstances.Sainsburys may enter in the Pakistani market wit h it’s variety of products which are available under one roof, as the increasing trend in urban areas shows, there will be high demand for it. Political factors may also include the goods and services which the governments want to provide or be provided. Sainsburys collects much of it’s revenue by selling it’s wide range of wines and spirits. Pakistani law prohibits the sale or consumption of any type of wines and spirits within its geographical boundaries, Sainsburys will not be allowed to sell it in their stores which may negatively affect their sales.Government of Pakistan ensures that there is foreign investment in Pakistan and it has signed a few trade agreements too. It also provides foreign investors the incentives to invest here. Partial ownership by the Pakistan government usually serves as an insurance policy for the share holders and the investors. Economic Factors: Extremely volatile oil prices are the root cause of global financial crisis in Pakista n which has also worsened the energy crisis. These two factors increase the cost of production.High inflation is a key resultant of it As Sainsburys produce much of it’s products in stores so they may go beyond their feasible region in producing a product. Interest rates are at their peak, economic growth is quite slow and this is due to the low level of lending and purchasing power of the consumer is weak. Though it is a labour intensive country and labour supply is quite high and also available at low cost than most other countries but unemployment is rising regardless of the above mentioned fact. The gap between rich and poor continues to expand and the percentage of poor is increasing everyday.However relatively quite cheaper labour may do a significant impact in Sainsburys production. It will also bring employment opportunities for young and skilled labour. Heavy loans from financial institutions like IMF and world bank has made the government in debt upto neck and there are no significant changes in sight. However financial aid packages in the name of war on terror and from the friends of Pakistan has kept the economy from collapsing. Pakistan has integrated with global economy and has brought positive impact on economy with increase in GDP.Despite of the worse conditions, Investing in such a country where cheap labour is available and more than half of the country’s population lies in the labour force, targeting middle-income class-keeping the fact in mind that government provides support to private investors would not be a bad decision. Social Factors : The culture and religion are very close to each other in Pakistan. As mentioned above this will affect the sales of wines and spirits of Sainsburys as it is not only prohibited by the dominant religion and prohibited by law but the targeted class does not accept it too.Health and Education are the two important sectors for any developing nations and Pakistan lack both of them and governmen t of Pakistan fails to allocate the required budget in both the sectors. However, people like to shop and come with families to the big retail stores. There has been a significant shift from traditional to organized format. The studies show that 11% of the population tend to buy long life food related products in advance for a month. Sainsburys provides a healthy and safe environment to work with,which for a change would attract the people to work and shop here.In comparison to the past, women have also started to contribute in the labor force. Language will be a barrier for the citizens of Pakistan as english is not the first language in Pakistan. Buying imported products is considered a status symbol in Pakistan so there is a high demand for foreign products in Pakistan and is appreciated in the local market. According to studies people spend 42% of their income on food related products. So there will be high demand for a food related products provided by Sainsburys. Technological Factors :Technological expertise is overflowed in Pakistan as the labour supply and demand for IT professionals is high. There has been an improvement in the industrial sector but still the country’s imports are higher than exports. Since it is a labour intensive area and not capital intensive so use of technology higher the cost of production but shift to focus more on labour may help Sainsburys to produce it’s products relatively cheaper. There is also a trend of buying products online seen. Sainsburys already provides the service of buying it’s products online which saves much time so the typical â€Å"9-5† workforce can also be targeted.

Economic Immigration

Chavez Department of Chicana and Chicano Studies at the University of California, Los Angeles. He has a Ph. D. n political science from the University of Chicago. The thesis statement or main argument of this article is the following, â€Å"Comprehensive immigration reform that legalizes currently unauthorized immigrants and creates flexible legal limits on future immigration in the context of full labor rights would help American workers and the U. S economy. † Clearly the main goal of this Dr. OJeda writing this paper is shed light on the many economic benefits for the United States if a comprehensive immigration reformation law was passed.Some of the evidence used by the author to validate the his thesis is for xample this excerpt from the article, â€Å"The historical experience of legalization under the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act indicates that comprehensive immigration reform would raise wages, increase consumption, create Jobs and generate additional tax r evenue. Even though the Immigration Reform and Control Act was implemented during a period that included a recession and high unemployment (1990-1991), it still helped raise wages and spurred increases in educational, home, and small business investments by newly legalized immigrants.Taking the experience of the Immigration Reform and Control Act as a starting point, e estimate that comprehensive immigration reform would yield at least $1. 5 trillion in added U. S gross domestic product (GDP) over 10 years. † (Ojeda, 2012, 176) I am an immigrant from Mexico myself and I know the struggle that goes on each and every day in the lives of illegal immigrants. I moved here when I was 4 years old and have been raised in a Mexican-American culture.I love this country and consider myself an American, this country has provided for me the path to live out my dreams and be whatever I choose to be in life, and for that I will always be grateful. Just last ear thanks to the Deferred Action law that was put into effect, more than 700,000 undocumented students qualified for a 2 year work/study permit, a chance to get a driver's license and to finally have legal standing and documentation in this country.The effect it will have on the future of the United States is a positive one and will benefit the growth of the country in many sectors greatly. I strongly believe this article is crucial to the United States we live in today and to the future of the United States. It exposes a lot of myths and calms a lot of worries concerning whether or not comprehensive immigration reform would help the country at all.

Economic Geography Op-Ed Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Economic Geography Op-Ed - Essay Example There are two types of barriers to movement. That is systematic and personal. The particular hindrance involves physical location and the mental ability. The systematic complications refer to political contrivances, given laws, educational chances and barriers that come from historical instances. (Miguà ©lez & Moreno, 2013 .The awareness and development of a high class of labour mobility and migration gives an opportunity to a more efficient and effective distribution of resources. Labour migration and movement have confirmed to be a must driver of innovations. Conflict, misunderstanding, globalization, demographic differences and shifts, inequality in income, and change in income may arise. Moreover, this may lead to more families and job seekers to move across different borders in searching for comfortable security and employment. According to United Nations statistics, approximately there are over two hundred million migrant and foreign workers in the world. Mobile and foreign labourers usually add up to development in their based countries as compared to the home country (World Bank, 2004). It brings brain drain. There are complicated challenges in terms of international cooperation, governance, migration and linkages of development and protections of migrant labourers. Economists and other researchers suggest that as time continues to elapse, mobility and migration of workers should have an equal impact on income. (Miguà ©lez Moreno, 2013).International labor organization as an immigrant agency strives to enable policies that maximize the advantages of labour mobility and migration for all those parties involved. However, immigration of workers must exhibit openness, selection of migrants and the right to grant. In high-income countries, the immigration policies show temporal residence, limitation to high skilled labor and temporal restrictions of rights. These are workers or

The nature of communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The nature of communication - Essay Example The manager’s complaint was that the area was not cleaned to her liking in the allotted time. She was accurate in her assessment, but because of mitigating circumstances, including an extensive influx of customers late in the evening, and minimal help from co-workers who had left earlier, she mis-communicated the blame. While elements of her criticism were effective, a great deal of it was misdirected as it was founded on erroneous assumptions. It fell short in that it didn’t leave room for a dialogue to occur that could create a constructive solution. Instead, the observations were relayed in a way that spoke to the necessarily limited perspective of one individual. For work place communication to be effective, open communication among workers within the organization must be promoted. Without this collaborative environment, the workplace becomes dry and monotonous and the creativity necessary for beneficial improvements is squashed. I believe effective communicators embody a number of positive traits that emerge when they relate to fellow human beings. In the situation at my work, communication did not occur because there was not an open dialogue occurring between the two individuals, but a one sided lecture. Effective communicators must take an interest in the people they communicate with, as nobody wants to listen to someone who isn’t engaged in the conversation. It’s important they look at the person’s eyes as it indicates that you are intent and engaged in the conversation. They speak clearly and directly, using language suitable for the conversation. While situations and types of language will differ greatly, effective communicators have a way of speaking that goes beyond merely giving a speech. They are able to strategically and competently relate to the individual and adapt the conversation to better convey the message they are attempting to impart. In not opening the