Assessment and Accountability in Nursing

Assessment and Accountability in Nursing Mentors have responsibility to assist students to develop their clinical skills and knowledge on placements. As well as developing clinical skills, students also develop their interpersonal skills and as a result of this experience gain maturity. (NMC, 2008) .To determine students have achieved the professional standards or competence, mentors must make assessments while their placement. This is vital to protect the public from unsafe and incompetent practitioners. Assessment is an essential role of a mentor. A good assessment process gives the students valuable feedback, it helps them to identify where they are, highlights, deficits in their learning ,identifies what they need to do and enables them to set realistic future goals.(Danny Walsh 2010). A good assessment process help us to predict future behaviour of the nurse we train. However we can cut down the risks by ensuring that the assessment processes itself meets certain standards and criteria which are considered best practice. Proper assessments of students are essential because, they are the future nurses are responsible for protecting the public in patient care, (Necklin and Kenworthy, 2000:108).Through assessment mentor can identify the strength and weakness, knowledge and practical skill of a student. According to (Walsh 2010) student nurses are assessed for variety of reasons in their clinical practice. Examples of this; to monitor the students’ progress to give feedback, to discover learning needs, to encourage students, to monitor their progress, to assess students level of competence, to assess knowledge, skills and attitudes, to measure the effectiveness of the teaching and to safeguard the patient and protect the public. As students work alongside with mentors, need to encourage students to perform patient care through instructions, guidance and supervision. While they are caring the patients mentors can observe and give feedback, this means while student is learning she is being assessed. Managing the process of assessment and feedback is hugely important. Students fail their placements for a wide range of reasons, but certain key factors can help minimise this happening. The student needs to feel welcomed and wanted to be able to perform into the placement quickly and so get on with meeting their competencies. Duffy (2003) cited several reasons for students failing and the key aspect was the lack of a good mentor/student relationship. Mentors must be meeting with students regularly can identify the problems or deficits the students going through. Learning needs should then be identified and action plan must be put in place. Mentors and assessors have the right and responsibility of making professional judgements about the performance of their student. (ENB and department of Health, 2001).Students needs to be respected while maintaining their professional standards, it is important to recognise the rights and to be supported to succeed in clinical practice. Monitoring progress is about finding the students quality and quantity of learning and any difficulties students may experiencing that can be identified and action plan to be applied. There are different methods of assessment like observation of patient care, questions and answers, reflection, briefing, self assessment peer assessment, testimonies, portfolios.(Stuart 2003). Duffy and Hardicre (2007) identify the reasons of a failing student are lack of insight, lack of interest poor communication or interpersonal skills, personal issues, being over confident. The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC2004a) states that nurses are accountable for their own practice. The public has a right to expect competence from the qualified professional in healthcare. With the purpose of assessment as a form of quality control for the healthcare professions, assessors should be able to identify failing students and provide enough support and resources to overcome the difficulties. As Maria was a first year student the initial priority was observations of the patient. At the beginning, I asked the questions about blood pressure ,heart rate(pulse) ,respirations, oxygen saturations ,pain scores etc†¦Then explained to Maria the theory, significant changes and if she notice any changes who to inform, then I demonstrated how to check observations and how to enter in a patient track or observation chart. The procedure was repeated in many situations under supervision which made her confident and also Maria received constructive feedback from other staff. A high level of a motivation and assessment is necessary for learning, (Gipps1994). During mid interview it was identified that student has achieved the skills to do the observations by using dyne map or manually, and also able to understand the significant changes and to report to the staff nurse. The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC 2006a) specifies the responsibility and accountability of NMC registrants who supports and make summative assessment decisions are referred to as assessors. As part of summative assessment (Stuart 2003), I arranged final interview with Maria on last day of her placement. I reviewed all her progress and evidences recorded in her practice book. Maria’s portfolio, feedbacks from other colleagues and Maria’s behaviour while her placement in the unit, attitude towards the patients and colleagues, knowledge , skills and performance in order to determine whether, she is fit for practice without supervision. Constructive feedback has an impact not only on the teaching/learning process but also gives messages to students about their effectiveness and self esteem (Gipps1994).Feedback sessions should be designed to help students grow in their clinical skills and professional competence. It is not possible for the named assessor to work with the student on enough occasions to monitor the progress of students with validity and reliability, so that it is important that the mentor seeks the views of other practitioners who have worked with the student. The assessment activities of working alongside the student and observing practice, discussion with the student and examination of the student’s portfolio, discussion with other assessors are done both informally and formally to monitor progress (Phillips et al 2000). Lifelong learning is the term used to refer to the planned or unplanned learning occurs throughout the life ,usually the working life ,of an individual (Hinchliff1998).The mentor is advised not to give all the answers ,which deprive the student of the opportunity of carrying out some of the problem –solving and decision making activities (Stengelhofen1993).These cognitive processes foster deep learning ,and thus help the student extract more meaningful learning through experiences.Dreyfus model (Benner 1989) describes the five levels of proficiency the students pass during their placement .They are novice, advanced beginner competent, proficient and expert .The author believes that this model can be applied in assessing the students in placement area because this will help students to access frequent feedbacks that can help to improve clinical skills and become more self- aware. Every good placement should be gathering feedback from the student’s inorder to improve the student experience and enhance learning opportunities. Accountability involves responsibility, knowledge and being able to justify actions. It is always challenging for mentors to deal with failing student’s .However if planned in advance and strategies in place, it can be overcome without too much pressure on the student .In the mid-interview, if the student is not performing up to the standard it’s important to provide the student more support and inform the personal tutor. It is essential to note that few students unable to meet the criteria whatever the circumstances are, the mentor should act appropriately in order to fail the poor performing students rather than the fail to fail situation which may affect the public (Duffy2007). To succeed in placement assessments and achieve competencies the student cannot afford to leave it until later in the placement .It is the responsibility of the mentor to ensure that they give the student regular reviews and feedback to ensure that they keep on top of meeting their learning objectives (Walsh2010).Mentors needs to evaluate students time to time and it is important to provide constructive feedback .Mentors should focus to create a safe learning environment for the students and it is their accountability. When Maria started placement in my unit I ensure she has done all the mandatory trainings like moving and handling, fire training, health and safety, infection control. If Mentor takes the decision to fail a student, it should not come like a surprise to the student. Students who are not progressing or failing their placement mentors need to identify the learning needs and support them with available resources. Discuss any issues or concerns with the student and inform university tutor, and also make sure student understands the problem.

Mind Body Relationship According To Descartes Philosophy Essay

Mind Body Relationship According To Descartes Philosophy Essay Mind and what it connotes is the battered offspring of the union of psychology. At some deep level we dearly love and cherish it and see behind its surface great potential but, because of our own inadequacies, we continuously abuse t, harshly and abruptly pummeling it for imagined excesses, and occasionally even lock it away in some dark closet where we cannot hear its insistent whines. The history of the use of the term reveals two conflicting impulses: the tendency to treat mind as a metaphysical mechanistic system, and the tendency to view it as convenient biological metaphor representing the manifestation of the, still not understood, neurophysiologic processes of the brain. The following are the more important and common uses of the term and this basic conflict can be seen in all. Mind as the totality of hypothesized mental processes and acts that may serve as explanatory devices for psychological data. In recent years this has become the dominant use of the term. Here, mental components are hypothesized because they have, in the proper theoretical frame, considerable explanatory power. Of interest here is the reluctance, even refusal, of about the neurophysiological structures to which it might relate. The focus is typically on the effectiveness of the hypothesized model of mind to explain- not merely studies. The most frequent users of this meaning are workers in artificial intelligence, modern cognitive psychologists and several schools of philosophy, e.g. functionalism. Mind as the totality of the conscious and unconscious mental experiences of an individual organism (usually although not always, a human organism). Actually, this use represents an effort to avoid the above-mentioned metaphysical problem but it produces a because of the confusion over how to characterize consciousness. Often even those with a behavioristic approach will back door themselves into speculating about mind in this fashion but they will invariably replace consciousness with behaviors and acts. Mind as a collection of processes. Probably the next most commonly held view, the argument here is that the several processes generally studied under the rubrics of perception and cognition collectively constitute mind. Here, there is no real effort to define; only to enumerate and to seek to understand those processes enumerated. Mind as equivalent to brain. This position which goes back to William James must in the final analysis be true. Its major liability, about brain function. As a result, it is philosophical position. Mind as an emergent property. The argument here is that of emergentism, that when a biological system reaches a point of sufficient complexity and organizational structure mind emerges. Mind as a list of synonyms. For example, psyche, soul, self etc. Nothing is gained by this use and the definitional problems are compounded. Mind as intelligence. Really only a colloquial use of the term as in phrases like, She has a good mind. Mind as a characteristic or trait. Also used nontechnical as in phrases like, the mind of an artist, or the Northern European mind. The Brain, no discussion can be complete without mentioning the experiment of Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936). Ivan Pavlov and his followers showed, unconditioned and conditioned reflexes of the brain underlie mental activity. When external objects act on the nerve endings of the sense organs, strictly determined bioelectric impulses are sent to the brain via the nervous system. They evoke a number of complexes physic-chemical changes during which the impulse (signal) received is changed and evokes a response reaction of the organism. The brain, on the bais of this signal, sends a response impulse to the corresponding internal organs or locomotory organs, causing the most purposive action. When an animal sees food it secretes saliva, when a human touches a very hot object, he instantaneously withdraws his hand. The process is known as an unconditioned reflex or instinct. 2. DUALISM: One of the classical metaphysical issues concerning the relationship between that which is mental and that which is physical. The issue has its origins in the ancient dualism of Plato and since then many solutions to the problem have been offered; the major ones, classified according to whether they are dualisms, monisms or compromises, follows; Dualisms; Interactionism, where in mind and body are assume to be separate acting and mutually influencing each other. Psychophysicalism (or parallelism), wherein mind and body are treated as two distinct, independent, but perfectly correlated elements. 3. WHO ACCEPT DUALISM : Despite the obviousness of this problem, and the amount of attention given to it, Descartes himself never took this issue very seriously. His response to Gassendi is a telling example: These questions presuppose amongst other things an explanation of the union between the soul and the body, which I have not yet dealt with at all. But I will say, for your benefit at least, that the whole problem contained in such questions arises simply from a supposition that is false and cannot in any way be proved, namely that, if the soul and the body are two substances whose nature is different, this prevents them from being able to act on each. So, Descartes response to the mind-body problem is twofold. First, Descartes contends that a response to this question presupposes an explanation of the union between the mind (or soul) and the body. Second, Descartes claims that the question itself stems from the false presupposition that two substances with completely different natures cannot act on each other. Further examination of these two points will occur in reverse order. Descartes principles of causation put forward in the  Third Meditation lie at the heart of this second presupposition. The relevant portion of this discussion is when Descartes argues that the less real cannot cause something that is more real, because the less real does not have enough reality to bring about something more real than itself. This principle applies on the general level of substances and modes. On this account, an infinite substance, that is, God, is the most real thing because only he requires nothing else in order to exist; created, finite substances are next most real, because they require only Gods creative and conservative activity in order to exist; and finally, modes are the least real, because they require a created substance and an infinite substance in order to exist. So, on this principle, a mode cannot cause the existence of a substance since modes are less real than finite substances. Similarly, a created, finite substance cannot cause the existence of a n infinite substance. But a finite substance can cause the existence of another finite substance or a mode (since modes are less real than substances). Hence, Descartes point could be that the completely diverse natures of mind and body do not violate this causal principle, since both are finite substances causing modes to exist in some other finite substance. This indicates further that the activity of the mind on the body does not require contact and motion, thereby suggesting that mind and body do not bear a mechanistic causal relation to each other. More will be said about this below. The first presupposition concerns an explanation of how the mind is united with the body. Descartes remarks about this issue are scattered across both his published works and his private correspondence. These texts indicate that Descartes did not maintain that voluntary bodily movements and sensation arise because of the causal interaction of mind and body by contact and motion. Rather, he maintains a version of the form-matter theory of soul-body union endorsed by some of his scholastic-Aristotelian predecessors and contemporaries. Although a close analysis of the texts in question cannot be conducted here, a brief summary of how this theory works for Descartes can be provided. Before providing this summary, however, it is important to disclaim that this scholastic-Aristotelian interpretation is a minority position amongst Descartes scholars. The traditional view maintains that Descartes human being is composed of two substances that causally interact in a mechanistic fashion. This traditional view led some of Descartes successors, such as Malebranche and Leibniz (who also believed in the real distinction of mind and body), to devise metaphysical systems wherein mind and body do not causally interact despite appearances to the contrary. Other philosophers considered the mind-body problem to be insurmountable, thereby denying their real distinction: they claim that everything is either extended (as is common nowadays) or mental (as George Berkeley argued in the 18th century). Indeed, this traditional, mechanistic interpretation of Descartes is so deeply ingrained in the minds of philosophers today, that most do not even bother to argue for it. However, a not able exception is Marleen Rozemond, who argues for the incompatibility of Descartes metaphysics with any scholastic-Aristotelian version of mind or soul-body union. Those interested in closely examining her arguments should consult her book  Descartess Dualism. A book arguing in favor of the scholastic-Aristotelian interpretation is entitled  Descartes and the Metaphysics of Human Nature. 4. DESCARTES VIEW ON DUALISM: Rene Descartes theory of Dualism is the most important dualistic theory in the history of philosophy. According to Descartes mind and body are totally different from each other. Body does not depend on mind and also mind does not depend on body. Ones nature does not present on other. The necessary nature of the body is extension and body is passive. But the necessary nature of the mind is consciousness, active and independent. According to Descartes consciousness is present only within human mind. It does not present in stone, wood like this kind of matter and not even animal also. Descartes thinks that human mind and body can never mix with each other. Mind lodged in body as a totally separate substance . And for this kind of lodged -relationship human can control their bodily movement as they want. According to Descartes body is like a machine and mind is like a controller of that machine. Here Descartes gives an example ,, The relation between mind and body is not like the relation between ship and the captain of the ship. Mind -body relation is a very close relation. Because if the ship damage or destroy, the captain does not feel any pain. But if there is any kind of pain in the human body, then it is painful for human mind also. So, we have to accept that mind body relation is a very close relation. Now Descartes talking about interactionism. Here he says that, in our daily life we can realize sometimes mind effect on body and sometimes body effect on mind. Sometimes mental activities causes bodily changes and sometimes bodily activity causes mental changes. Like , if mind is upset or disturb the strength of the body is down. And if mind is happy the strength of the body is grown up. Here mind is the cause of bodily changes. Likewise, if the body is ill then the thinking power of the mind is down automatically. And if the body is well then the thinking power of the mind will grow automatically. To describe all of these kinds of actions we need to accept the theory of interactionism. But if we follow Descartes dualism and take mind and body as a separate and opposite substance then this kind of interactionism is never possible. Because if there is no similarity between two things then no relation can possible between them. Because there must be a quantitative balance and qualitative resemblance between cause and effect. Descartes first take mind and body separate and opposite substance. And break all the relation between them. But after that he himself again mention about interactionism. Descartes has to face many problem for this kind of thinking. Because how can it would be possible to create any relation between two opposite kind of substance? Here Descartes solve the problem in two different ways. 1. In case of mind-body relation Descartes talking only about the relation of coexistence and the constitutive unity but not the unity of nature. According to Descartes if there is any constitutive unity then body and mind do not interact through their nature, the interact as an attachment of two separate object and through this interaction their distinctness do not change. 2. in the book of the passions of the soul Descartes says that, the relation between mind and body is not with the each and every part of the body. This relation is only with the pineal gland of the brain. This pituitary gland or pineal gland is the main and only gland for the relation of interactionism. Physical changes directly effect to the pineal gland and it is the cause of mental changes. Likewise mental think or mental will directly effect to the pineal gland. And this is the cause of physical changes. In the book of the passions of the soul Descartes tell this small gland seat of animal spirit. Body and mind effect on each other through this gland. So, according to Descartes the interactionism between two opposite kind of objects can happen indirectly with the help of the pineal gland. 5. CRITISISM AGAINST DESCARTES : There are many criticism of Descartes interactionism. Descartes mention constitutive unity`, but in this unity the nature of mind and body does not change- this solution is not acceptable. Because if there is any constitutive unity between two separate substance, then there must be some changes in their nature. Descartes accept the relation between mind and pineal gland. But the acceptation of only pineal gland without body could not solve the problem. It only replace the proble from one place to another. Mind influences pineal gland directly. This implies mind influences body because pineal gland is the part of the body. According to the casual rule of natural science interactionism or cause effect relation is not possible between two opposite kind of things like mind and body. The rule is that there must be some kind of quantitative balance and qualitative resemblance between cause and effect. The theory of interactionism about mind and body ignore the law of conservation of energy. According to this law the total energy of this material-world is constant. It only change from one form to another. But if we follow the interactionism we have to accept that when body effect on mind, some sort of bodily energy store into mind and total bodily energy (material energy) decreases and vice-versa. So, it ignore the rule of the law of conservation of energy. If we take mind as a separate substance from material body, we have to face those two problems a) The problem of identification. b) The problem of individuation. Because if conscious mind is invisible and untouchable, then how can we identify mind ? ( As conscious mind can not be situated in space ). And identification is not possible then individuation is also not possible . So, it is totally meaningless to accept mind totally separate from body. If there is nothing like mind except body, the problem of interactionism about mind and body will be a meaningless problem. Descartes says that extension is the necessary nature of matter. But it is not acceptable by modern scientist like, Lord Belfour, James jeans, Eddington and others. In modern science immaterializing the matter become possible. Matter is not a mere, extensive, solid substance. If we analyze matter, we will get some kind of energy like electron and proton at the last part of the division. And if energy is the main thing of the world then Descartes dualism is not acceptable. Because there s nothing like extendable matter. Conclusion: We can never deny the existence of mind. Only mind can deny mind, so that mind s establish. And we cannot deny the relation between mind and body in a very simple way. In our everyday experience we can feel that there is a cause-effect relation between mind and body.

Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Young Goodman Brown Essay -- Young Goodman Brown

Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Young Goodman Brown   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† captivates the reader through a glimpse of the Puritan church. The story also shows the struggle of good versus evil in the main character Goodman Brown. The role of the Puritan church is crucial in shaping Goodman Brown’s personality and helping the reader understand why he was reluctant to continue his journey.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Puritanism, movement arising within the Church of England in the latter part of the 16th century that sought to purify or reform, that church and establish a middle course between Roman Catholicism and the ideas of the Protestant reformers† (Puritanism 1). The term Puritanism was referred to as an insult that was attached by traditional Anglicans who wished to purify the Church of England. The Encarta Online Encyclopedia states that the term Puritanism has often been used as a term of abuse in a way that does little justice to historical Puritanism. For instance, when a rigid moralism, the condemnation of innocent pleasure, or a religious narrowness is characterized as Puritanical (1). Puritanism was founded on the principles and beliefs of John Calvin, and one of the major ideals they focused on was the doctrine of predestination. Calvin believed that the grace of God was the ticket into Heaven and that his grace could not be earned. God’s gra ce was bestowed upon a select few regardless of what they did to earn it. This doctrine stated that God determines a man’s destiny, whether it be redemption or condemnation, regardless of any worth or merit on the person’s part.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Great pains were taken to warn members and especially children of the dangers of the world. Religiously motivated, they were exceptional in their time for their interest in the education of their children. Reading the Bible was necessary to giving the righteous life. Three diversions were banned in the Puritan society: drama, religious music, and erotic poetry. They believed that these led to immorality. Music in worship created a dreamy state which was not conducive to listening to God.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Each Puritan congregation was to be individually responsible to God, as was each person. The New Testament was their model, and their devotion so great that permeated their entire society. People opposing theological views were asked to leave the community or to be converted. Their... ...heir followers to doubt themselves and their community so much that a reality in which one could achieve grace did not exist. Hawthorne describe this mindset in the story of Goodman Brown. Hawthorne loaded the story with tones of references to the Puritan religion. Works Cited Campbell, Donna M. â€Å"Puritanism in New England.† Literary Movements (2002).Hill Center Lab, Kentucky State University. 1 July 2002.   Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.gonzaga.edu/faculty/campbell/en1310/purdef.html Dudley. William, and Teresa O’Neill, Eds. Puritanism: Opposing Viewpoints. San Diego:  Greenhaven Press, Inc. 1994. Feldmeth, Greg D. â€Å"US History Resources†. 29 June 2002.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://home.earthlink.net/~gfeldmeth/USHistory.html Hawthorne, Nathaniel. â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†. Literature and the Writing Process.   Elizabeth McMahan, Susan X Day, and Robert Funk. 6th ed. Upper Saddle River: Prentice, 2002. â€Å"Puritanism†. Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia Deluxe (2002). Internet Explorer.  Ã‚  1 July 2002. Keyword: Puritanism. Wilson, John F. â€Å"Puritans†. Discovery Channel School.2002. World Book Online. 29 June 2002. http://www.discovery school.com/homeworkhelp/worldbook/atozhisotry/p1452140.html

The Invasion of Normandy :: World War II History

The Invasion of Normandy The battle plan, code-named Operation Overlord, called for the largest amphibious assault ever to start the liberation of occupied Europe from Nazi Germany. It began in the early morning hours of June 6, 1944, now known as D-Day. Thousands of American, British, Canadian, and French soldiers-backed by paratroopers, bombers, and warships-stormed a 50-mile stretch of French beach called Normandy. This "invasion of Normandy" was the greatest event to occur between the years of 1919 and 1945. D-day was the beginning of the end of the war. The invasion of Normandy allowed the Allied forces to get their soldiers back on the European mainland and to start defeating German opposition and Nazi tyranny. It was the major turning point of World War II and perhaps one of the greatest strategic military operations that ever executed. As the tide of World War II began to turn in favor of the Allies, U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower had the task of forming the largest invasion fleet in history, in order for an amphibious landing on the northern coast of France to be effective. If it was executed as planned and labeled a success, the landing would be the starting point for the massive attack. The attack would move eastward through France and into Nazi Germany. In May, while millions of troops and equipment poured into the staging area of southern Britain, the Allies created a decoy. False radio transmissions and rows of inflated rubber tanks and landing craft located away from the true staging area kept the Germans confused about the operation's size and target. The invasion of northern France from England was not launched in May, as its planners had initially prescribed, but on June 6, the famous D-Day of World War II. A huge fighting force had been assembled, including 1,200 fighting ships, 10,000 planes, 4,126 landing craft, 804 transport ships, and hundreds of amphibious and other special purpose tanks. During the operation, 156,000 troops, of which 73,000 were American, were landed in Normandy, airborne and seaborne. As the day of the invasion approached, the weather in the English Channel became stormy. Heavy winds, a five-foot swell at sea, and lowering skies compelled Eisenhower to postpone the assault from the fifth to the sixth of June. Conditions remained poor, but when weathermen predicted that the winds would abate and the cloud cover rise enough on the scheduled day of the attack to permit a go-ahead, Eisenhower reluctantly gave the command.

Sample Essay †The Role of Women Essay

The transition from early 19th century England to late 20th century Australia reveals an overwhelming shift in the dominant discourses and ideologies surrounding the role of women. While Jane Austen composed her seminal 1813 romance Pride and Prejudice against the social and historical backdrop of Regency England, a time when patriarchal ideals governed notions of femininity, Fay Weldon’s 1984 epistolary novel Letters to Alice bears the hallmarks of post-feminist women’s liberation and agency. However, through close examination of the intertextual connections woven between this pair of texts, it emerges that not only does Weldon’s text take form as a didactic treatise to her young nice that reflects her own contemporary views on women and women writers, her letters prompt an unquestioningly feminist re-reading of Austen’s representation of women in her own literary works. As a result, it is these connections that yield the recognition that despite the contextual divide separating this pair of texts, both authors are irrevocably bound in their purpose to didactically challenge the politically charged representation and role of women in their respective cultural spheres. Composed in the late 20th century – an era where feminist discourses of equality were deeply entrenched in political and academic spheres – Weldon’s text is narratively shaped as a didactic novel addressed to her fictionalised ‘green haired punk’ niece, using the epistolary form to both instruct and demonstrate the power of literature â€Å"with its capital L† to function as a vehicle for women to both change and challenge dominant social conventions and values. To achieve these means, it is no coincidence that Weldon is seen to appropriate the epistolary form – â€Å"a popular form of fiction at the time† used by female writers such as Austen herself- to create a intertextual connection that transcends the contextual gap separating each text to promote a specifically feminist view of writers and the function of â€Å"Literature†. Here, Weldon is herself the embodiment of her self-described breed of â€Å"strong women, wo men who work, think, earn, have independent habits†. Her authoritative didacticisms to the burgeoning writer Alice -â€Å"simply speak†¦and you will be listened to. And eventually,  even enjoy your captive audience† – symbolically demonstrate the legacy of feminist ideals that were initially catalysed through early Regency female authors such as Austen whose patriarchal context kept their revolutionary works â€Å"shelter[ed] behind the cloak of anonymity†. Given the modern context of Letters to Alice, it is undeniable that Weldon writes from a discourse of female agency when she informs Alice that to enter the â€Å"immortal† â€Å"City of Invention†, she must metaphorically â€Å"swim against the stream of communal ideas† and â€Å"demonstrate to the reader the limitations of convention† that societies inscribe upon its populace as â€Å"unquestioned beliefs†. The strong tone employed in such directives highlight that from Weldon’s feminist perspective, the value of female authorship and literature is derived from the capacity of one’s own personal value system to morally guide or catalyse a transformation in its readership: â€Å"Readers need and seek moral guidance†¦They need an example, in the light of which they can examine themselves, [and] understand themselves.† Simply put, Weldon’s Letters to Alice is a text that is highly political in purpose; it prompts a strong consideration of the function of literature to catalyse notions of female empowerment through both changing and challenging dominant social conventions and values. Taking into account Weldon’s didacticisms regarding female authorship and social change, it becomes apparent that the intertextual connections to Jane Austen weaved within Letters to Alice prompt an undeniably feminist re-evaluation of her representation of Elizabeth Bennet in Pride and Prejudice. While separated by the historical divide of almost two centuries, Weldon’s instruction for her niece to â€Å"swim against the stream of communal ideas† can be seen to resonate in Austen’s idealistic protagonist Elizabeth Bennet, a character who transgresses against the dominant values that governed Regency England; and whose personal virtues triumphed over the restrictions of her era. Weldon’s didactic assertion that female author’s must work to â€Å"demonstrate to the reader the limitations of convention† undeniably connect with and transform perceptions of Austen’s Elizabeth, framing and augmenting her personal values of rationalit y and wit as they shine through the text. This is particularly evident through her strong authoritative tone in declarative statements: â€Å"I shall be very fit to see  Jane – which is all I want†, which work alongside uncharacteristic images of female activity: â€Å"springing over puddles to with impatient activity [gave her] a face glowing with the warmth of exercise† to undermine a social value system that links feminine propriety with explicit passivity. Such aspects of her character are further augmented through Austen inscribing Elizabeth’s dialogue with a strongly comedic tone of satire and irony. She delights in intellectually challenging the supposedly superior intellect of Mr Darcy in a series of playful exchanges: â€Å"I am convinced that one good sonnet will stave [love] entirely away†; â€Å"your defect is to hate everybody†. In considering these connections, Weldon’s text can be seen to invoke a renewed reading of Elizabeth, positioning her as a didactic figure that planted the early seeds of feminist discourse from which Letters to Alice was composed: â€Å"[She] pay[ed] paying attention to the subtle demands of human dignity rather than the cruder ones of established convention†¦prodding [civilisation] quicker and faster along the slow difficult road that has led us out of barbarity into civilisation† Ultimately, examination of the intertextual connections between Letters to Alice and Pride and Prejudice yield a recognition that while Weldon’s text instructs young Alice on contemporary views on women and women writers from a late 19th century context, it also catalyses a re-evaluation of Austen’s representation of Elizabeth Bennet, reframing interpretations of her character as one who challenges the dominant value systems of gender. As a result, it is these connections that incite the realisation that despite the contextual divide separating this pair of texts, both authors are irrevocably bound in their purpose to didactically challenge the politically charged representation and role of women in their respective cultural spheres.

Ethos Outline Essay

When you write you must recall that multitude will wonder and incertitude your authority. g. Maybe not scientific expertise, exactly personal experience. . Having profession titles also fuel endorse trust. i. Small signals of authority stomach be picked up almost subconsciously IV. Establishing Credibility j. Humor puts a meeter at ease, and champions them identify k. Listen to people confident enough to make drama of themselves. l. Move quickly to reasonable claims after and back it up with evidence. m. Audiences respond to how you stupefy yourself as a person. n. Using expression to show that you respect, not lecture around nor below them. o. Citing respectable sources to show that you micturate done your work. p. Using conditions of rebuttal. V. Coming clear(p) about Motives q.Readers will ask how it benefits the teller of the idea. r. Stating blanking how, and potential conflicts of interest will provoke gained trust. s. In political circles, it is almost featur e to assume the worst about motives. t. entree of uncertainty helps build a bridge. afterward reading about the appeal of Ethos I for the most part reflected on the fact that in that location was a lot I had never theory about with natural gay tendencies. Mostly what was interesting to me was the fact that we mostly base our trust on the spirit of a person. Maybe if they back up their statements with facts we will believe, but it all starts with the portion of a person.I also had never thought that people started with humor because they requisite to connect, and bring themselves to a trusting train with their audience. Another thing I had not thought of was that readers will always oppugn their writers, even subconsciously, about many unlike subjects. One main point I did not understand completely was talking about motives, and how saying conflicts of interest would help you connect to your reader, besides just on a trust level. Besides that I thought this chapter was ver y interesting, and contained many things that do sense, but I had never thought about or questioned before.

Establishing Special Courts Catering to Human Trafficking Cases Essay

Last 2012, Ms. triumph Ngozi Ezeilo, an envoy from the United Nations visited the Philippines to observe the situation of armament man trafficking in the democracy. Ms. Ezeilo stated that the Philippines is undoubtedly a witness country for military man race trafficking, and the problem is non declining. one(a) of the solutions she proposed to address the problem were particular(prenominal) administrations catering to tender-hearted trafficking cases. (Reyes, 2012. ) homosexual trafficking thrives in poverty & drop of education, which argon the main catalysts for individuals to be ushered into trafficking. (An introduction to Human Trafficking, 2008.These atomic number 18 some(prenominal) of the problems the governing is facing, and the deuce atomic number 18 actually interconnected because they be the cause and effects of each(prenominal) former(a). Poverty leads to lack of education, and lack of education leads to poverty. The disposal is doing what they can to assist minimize the issue, notwithstanding they include that it would take some time. (Sisante, 2008. ) Education is a represendation to combat trafficking, re give wayable to the circumstance that education leads to decent employment, and a well-informed individual would be much awargon of the dangers of macrocosm trafficked, thus preventing it to happen in his/her feeling.However, ideal this may sound, it is non possible to crystallise poverty and lack of education in a snap. in that respect has to be some other solutions to consider that could be done now and would digest a peachy impact. The psychiatric hospital of particular(a)(a) begs tackling specifically homophiles trafficking-oriented cases is a practical solution that would greatly expedite the surgery of punishing tender-hearted traffickers and by extension greatly reduce the number of cases of human trafficking in the Philippines, sh ar alleviate its social, economic, and political consequ ences.Before supernumerary tribunals as a solution is to be covered any further, it is in-chief(postnominal) to define what a particular(a) court is. specialize courts argon defined by the Inter democracyal ledger for Court Administration as tribunals of narrowly concentrate jurisdiction to which all cases that fall within that jurisdiction are r protrudeed. (Zimmer, 2009) The following paragraphs are going to discuss the counterarguments a agnisest special courts, and would be briefly refuted before the tether main arguments in favor of special courts are presented. The opposition may claim special courts as an unnecessary expenditure and in entrywayible.They claim that it is unnecessary because the unveiling of new courts is onerous and constitutes unnecessary expenditures, particularly if cases are seasonal, and funds could go to waste if it remains idle. (Zimmer, 2009. ) The mental home of a court would automatically imply expenditures. The court has to pay for th e administrative costs, the personal court, and other expenses call for to assist the victims, like court psychiatrists. It would in addition await effort on the judiciary, and the Supreme Court, imputable to the accompaniment that special courts have to be set-up with care in bon ton for its authority in eliminating cases to be maximized. Zimmer, 2009) However, financial backing is non a strong argument, because the governance has money. It is the correct allocation of the funds, or budgeting that is in question. The government has establish special courts for purlieual cases in 2008, 117 to be exact. (Salaveirra, 2008) If the government has placed effort enough to set up courts to save the environment, shouldnt it be a antecedency to set up courts to fight for human trafficking victims, who have been robbed of their rights? Human rights should always be kept in the priority list of the government.Recently, it has been reported that the government is funding the d epartment of Health with 500 zillion pesos for contraceptives for the socio-economic class 2013. One of their aims was to combat poverty. (Fernandez, 2012. ) This shows that the government tries to prioritise the scant(p), however it just shows that they havent valuatement of to a greater extent practical ways to combat poverty, with turn up universe morally questionable, and without robbing humans the right to life. Chief arbitrator Puno stated that preservation of human rights and the right to life should be considered more than the financial burden a special court entails. Rempillo, 2007. )This is what the special court for human trafficking should be for, to fight for rights. A $1. 5 one thousand thousand budget or almost ? 65 million is allotted by the bailiwick government to computer backup operations a lucrest human trafficking, prosecution of absentenders, and for the protection of the public. (IACAT, 2012. ) The special courts would forego this budget to be maxim ized to its full potential in expediting human trafficking cases. Public access could besides be limited. Some judges prefer not to be in a special court setting because it limits their trials to twist cases. Bakker, 1997) Public access may similarly be limited repayable to the fact that you cannot establish it everywhere, and the judges are most apt(predicate) to stay in their individual courts. If public access is considered a problem, then strategically locating these physical courts would be the solution.To place special courts in favorable areas in which the cases are numerous could actually answer the victims to easily access jurist. Some judges may not want to be in a special court setting because it limits their trials to specific criminal cases. (Bakker, 1997. However, this could turn into an advantage because if they keep seeing the selfsame(prenominal) class of cases over and over again, they could render out decisions faster and more high-octanely, due to a em end understanding of the cases that they deal with. (Zimmer, 2009. ) on that point are coursece solutions to human trafficking prosecution, prevention, and protection. (EHTN, n. d. ) The establishment of special courts would aid in prosecution, due to the speedy justice it serves, prevention, since it is an effective disablement for criminals obscure, and protection, due to its aims in protecting the victims, and the witnesses during the timeframe of the case.The following paragraphs would flesh out more on why special courts should be established. Firstly, special courts would aid in prosecution and are practical. This is supported by the prevalence of human trafficking, the poor en pluckment of justice, specifically in human trafficking cases, the need to fuck human trafficking as a family of cases that should be identify from labor become rapines, the legal precedents much(prenominal) as former special courts set-up for heinous crimes, and the successful writ of exec ution of human trafficking courts in other nations.Human trafficking is a serious issue in the Philippines. As pointed out by the UN envoy Ezeilo, the Philippines is a source country for human trafficking. (Reyes, 2012. ) This is due to the fact that when Philippines go foreign for wee-wee opportunities, they get vulnerable to recruitment by fraudulent recruitment agencies. Internal trafficking is also a serious issue because laboured labor, prostitution, child labor, and other forms of trafficking are victimizing citizenry who are moving from verdant areas to urban centers. para, US segment of State, 2011 as cited by (Human Trafficking in due east Asia & Pacific.. , n. d. ) The rise of human trafficking cases in the Philippines, particularly in the Visayas region, is 97% in 2012, in comparison to the cases filed in 2010.There were 436 human trafficking victims in Central Visayas alone. (State prosecutors see increase.. , 2012) other alarming detail is the prevalence of ch ild labor. There has been an estimation of more than 2. 2 million operative children aged 15-17 in the country. (US Department of State, 2011. as cited by (Human Trafficking in East Asia & Pacific.. , n. d. It is also believed that 60,000-100,000 Filipino children are involved in prostitution rings. (Challenger, 2010. ) The previous information stated imply that there are thousands of potential cases to be filed, and special courts would sustain in fast-tracking the cases to avoid backlog, and to cross fair and speedy justice. The government has fallen short in the enforcement of justice in dealings with human trafficking cases.There were 680 pending or ongoing cases, and an additional 129 cases pending at the Department of Justice during the year 2012. Trafficking in Persons.. , 2012. ) This shows a coarse amount of backlog and ongoing cases, which shows the prevalence of the cases, and the lack of efficiency on the part of the judiciary when it comes to dealing with human tra fficking cases. In the Philippines, it takes three to four eld to conclude human trafficking cases, which supports the previous statement rough the inefficiency of the judiciary. Human trafficking is a family of cases. It is an organized criminal application in which human universes are treated as possessions to be controlled and exploited.Forms of human trafficking include sex trafficking, constrained labor, child labor, change of organs, and recruitment of children in military work, are forms of human trafficking. (Human Trafficking Organized Crime.. , 2012) These crimes (except for the selling of organs) are usually confused with labor contract violations, in which the special court would come in handy. In 2012, there have barely been two out of twenty-nine traffickers convicted for labor exploitation, showing that the judiciary is not paying enough heed to it. Trafficking in Persons , 2012. )(Reyes, 2012. ) The special court would help differentiate the two, and yield th e human trafficking cases to be dealt with properly. (Trafficking in Persons , 2012) Expertise and agreement are traits of special courts, and could be put to unplayful use so that there is consistency in applying the practice of law. The expertise of judges in specialise courts are likely to produce better decisions in the respective cases and are less likely to generate appeals to be taken. (Zimmer, 2009. )The judiciary has established several special courts for other cases, which gives a legal precedent for human trafficking courts. The administrative circular no. 104-96 from the Supreme Court discusses the establishment of special courts that cater to heinous crimes for speedy and efficient justice. (Administrative Circular No. 104-96, 1996) This document shows that special courts have been done before, so it implies that it can be done again. Environmental courts, extrajudicial killings, and tax courts are some of the examples of special courts established in the Philippine s. congresswoman Mel Senen Sarmiento of the first district of Samar is pushing for the creation of special courts for human trafficking, saying that the Philippines is close to Somalia and Myanmar as regards trafficking, selling their tidy sum like cattle. If congress can puddle courts for drug traffickers why not a court for human traffickers too? (Quirante, 2010. ) In other nations such as Dubai and India, special human trafficking courts have been in effect established. Dubai believes that the special human trafficking courts established would speed up cases. Constantine, 2010. ) Meanwhile, the human trafficking court in Mumbai disposed a large backlog of cases in a traverse of a year, which included 438 cases, and convictions in 81 cases. It also ordered the closure of 11 brothels. (US Officials move, 2011) This proves that it is an effective solution to exercise justice, and to help contri entirelye criminals layabout bars. A political benefit that the Philippines could gain from establishing special courts is the improvement of the nations rank in the United States Trafficking in Persons Report.Currently, the nation is graded in tier 2, which means that the country is do significant efforts to fight human trafficking, but it does not yet meet minimum standards. Why should the nation take an effort in improving our tier ranking? If the nation falls into tier 3, the US would withhold or withdraw non-humanitarian, non-trade-related foreign assistance as a consequence. (Tiers Placement , 2011) This is important because not only would the country be able to hold up the actionation of rights, but also maintain obedient diplomatic relations with the United States.Secondly, special courts would help prevent human trafficking. This is due to the fact that the courts would be an effective deterrent to the criminals involved in the crime. It would change magnitude the economic advantages and benefits that make the industry appealing to pot, and it w ould help alleviate the economic and political consequences of human trafficking. When the suspects, and people who are interested in getting involved in the industry, see that justice is macrocosm enforced, they ordain at long last act on their fear of organism caught and possibly stop in their advances.If not, the misfortune of them creation caught could possibly increase as order of magnitude becomes more and more sensible of human trafficking, and more reassured in filing complaints as they see justice being served. Not only would it put criminals behind bars, but it would also put their name to shame. In the first quarter of 2013, a new law was signed by President Benigno Aquino. Republic phone number 10364, the Expanded Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2012, removed the confidentiality render in the previous law, RA 9208.RA 9208 does not allow the names and circumstances of the victims and the criminal to be made public at any gunpoint of investigation, rescue, p rosecution and trial. With the confidentiality clause removed, this allows the public to know the personal identity of the criminals, so as not to risk being victimized by them. (Punay, 2013. ) With the special court at hand, the criminals would not only be humiliated publicly, but they pull up stakes be put to justice quickly. finicky courts could aid in alleviating the loss of human resources due to trafficking.In human trafficking, the labor force is apply and therefore, is kept from contributing to the nations miserliness that causes the loss of revenue. (An introduction to Human Trafficking, 2008) The labor force should be able to provide for their family and put up to taxes for the amelioration of the nation, but with the potential labor force being exploited in human trafficking, this does not allow them to do so. With putting the criminals behind bars in a more efficient way, it prevents people from being trafficked in the first place.especial(a) courts could also eve ntually help stop the unlawful distribution of national wealth, and influences markets, political power, and societal relations. (An introduction to Human Trafficking, 2008) Traffickers feign fair competition due to the fact that some companies outsource their productions for a cheaper price, not knowing that trafficked people are used in the factories. Traffickers make 32 billion annually. Not only is it untaxed, but people who actually provided the labor do not gain from this. (An Introduction to Human Trafficking, 2008. )Special courts would also decrease human traffickings political implications due to culpable immigration. Migration policies are tightened because of illegal immigration. Due to these policies, victims are forced to enter other countries illegally, and when they are caught, the may be considered as collaborators which makes the implementation of rights as an issue. (An introduction to Human Trafficking, 2008. ) This could also lead to giving people herculean t ime in looking for better work opportunities abroad, due to the fact that they could not migrate easily.It benefits people in a way that trafficking could be prevented, but traffickers find other ways to get the victims through and through the borders. Trafficking victims and ignominious people are different because smuggled people gain their freedom when they reach their depot while trafficked victims are not. (An introduction to Human Trafficking, 2008. ) With the courts established, and the criminals sent behind bars, the opportunity for them to traffic more free people in ther nations, where they are subject to human rights violations. It is important to refer to the Mumbai Special court, that was successful in eradicating trafficking in the city to some extent due to the closing of human-trafficking related businesses, and justice being served to the criminals. (US Officials Impressed , 2011) Lastly, special courts would reintegrate the victim to order of magnitude faster. Human trafficking, as a grave violation to human rights, has a psychological effect on victims.The protection of the victims and the witnesses during the timeframe of the cases trial is also a vital need required of the law, and without this protection, the timeframe is lengthened. There is also a need to make society realize that the victim was at no open frame to push it to accept the victim again. How do these things contribute to faster reintegration of the victim to society? Psychological and medical examination help is required of the law, and it is the courts craft to make sure that the victim gets to enjoy these benefits. RA 9208, 2003. ) Most human trafficking victims experience post-traumatic stress, which should be brought into attention so that it could be alleviated, thus helping the victim live a normal life again. (Williamson, Dutch, Clawson, 2012. ) This is due to the victims being drugged or being disadvantaged of their basic needs such as intellectual nourishm ent as motivation to work by their traffickers. (Challenger, 2010. ) It is presumed that the specialized court would assist the victims properly, and according to their needs. (Reyes, 2012. )Another right of the court is to ensure protection of not only the victim, but also the witness. It is required by the Anti-Trafficking law. (RA 9208, 2003. ) This would insure protection so that both victims and witnesses wont be afraid to tell the truth. (Reyes, 2012. ) Dubai believes that the special human trafficking court would provide a safe environment for witnesses. (Constantine, 2010. ) Fear suppresses the implementation of justice. Fear of retaliation causes the victims and/or witnessed to withdraw or decline cooperation which leads to a drawn-out trial.In 2010, only 3 trafficking cases were assisted by the Department of Justice due to unwillingness of the victims. (US Department of State, 2011. as cited by (Human Trafficking in East Asia & Pacific.. , n. d. ) The less time it takes to conclude the case, the easier it is for the victim to cooperate, because in slow trials, there is a fear of the possibility of the accused party could retaliate and scare off the victim and/or witnesses. In Philippine Special Courts, mandatory continuous trial that should be end within 60 days and the decision should be rendered within 30. Administrative Circular No. 104-96, 1996) This timeframe is well-founded enough to allow the court to collect evidences and investigate, and for the judge to study the case well in order to render a fair decision. Special courts, when they implement justice, would help society realize that the victim was not at fault. It would help society accept the victim. In most cases, being trafficked affects the social stigma of the victim, who is disapproved for move without promised wealth.Society has the tendency to blame the victim for disgracing his/herself and his/her family due to the fact that they dont realize that the trafficker is at fault, and not the victim. (An introduction to Human Trafficking, 2008. ) With the special court, it would be made clear that the victim was, and so a victim, and did not consent to the injustices that he/she suffered. This would also show that the government is, indeed, taking the issue seriously, and will do what they can to make sure that the offenders pay for their crimes.It would also help society become aware of the seriousness of human trafficking as an issue in the country. The establishment of special courts is a good and practical solution that could be immediately applied by the nation. With the implications that the establishment of the special courts is to be well-studied by the judiciary for good implementation, resulting in good, educated decisions in choosing serve staff, strategic placement of physical courts, then the special court would be maximized in helping towards the obliteration of human trafficking.